• 专利附录
  • 专利说明
  • 权利要求
  • 类似技术
  • 同族专利
  • 引用文献
  • 法律状态
  • 优先权
    • 专利摘要:
    ABSTRACT The invention relates to a breath test system that is unobtrusive in that it does notrequire a person subjected to the system to take any other action to breath. Itcomprises a sensor unit (5) configured to sense the presence or concentration of avo1ati1e substance, present in air flowing through a predef1ned inlet area (4), and togenerate a signal corresponding to the concentration of said substance. There isalso provided an apparatus (2, 3) configured to detect the presence of a person at aposition in the vicinity of said input area, and having means for registering saidpresence, and further configured to respond to said presence by delivering anoutput. This said apparatus includes a unit configured to call for immediateattention of said person, upon said registration of the presence of said person, anda unit configured to provide instructions to said person to direct an expiratory airflow towards said inlet area (4). An analyzer (10) for the determination of breathsubstance concentration of said person is also provided, the determination beingbased on said signal corresponding to the substance concentration. (Fig. 1)
    公开号:SE1250954A1
    申请号:SE1250954
    申请日:2012-08-24
    公开日:2014-02-25
    发明作者:Bertil Hoek；Lars Tenerz；Leif Smith；Annika Kaisdotter Andersson
    申请人:Hoek Instr Ab；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    BREATH TEST SYSTEM This invention is concerned With a system for the unsupervised sensing thepresence / concentration of substances, such as ethyl alcohol, within the expiredbreath of a person.
    BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Breath Alcohol Concentration (BrAC) is related to Blood Alcohol Concentration(BAC) by the approximate relation BrAC[mg/l]=O.5*BAC[mg/ g]. Other substanceswill have different coefficients.
    Supervised breath tests according to the state of the art are being performed by thepolice in order to prevent drunk driving. For the same purpose, unsupervised testsusing alcolocks in vehicles are also being increasingly used. Sensor technologiesinclude catalytic semiconductors, fuel cells and infrared spectroscopy. Performancewith respect to accuracy, specificity, environmental immunity, and response time,is highly variable between different devices available on the market. Devices forbreath test include sensor elements providing a signal representing BrAC aftertaking a deep breath, and emptying the airways via a tight-f1tting mouthpiece,which for hygienic reasons has to be a separate, disposable item. In order to ensurea correct determination, the test person is required to deliver a forced expiration atalmost full vital capacity. This requires a substantial effort, especially for personswith limited respiratory capacity. The handling of mouthpieces is costly, time-consuming and represents an undesired source of error due to water condensation.
    The basic techniques of breath analysis were developed during the second half ofthe 20th century. More recently, a movement towards less obtrusive means forbreath test has been noted. Olsson et al (WO 98/ 20346) disclosed a system solutionin which accurate measurements could be performed without a mouthpiece usingwater vapor as a tracer gas. Lopez (US 5,458,853) reported another approach, usingultrasound to correct for the dependence on distance between the device and theuser's mouth. Hök et al (GB 2431470) disclosed a system solution using carbondioXide (C02) as a tracer gas, combined with a simple algorithm for correction of adiluted breath sample. Still another approach was reported by Lambert et al (SAEWorld Congress April 3-6, 2006). The air within a vehicle cabin was monitored, andan alcohol adsorbing material was used to accumulate the sample to enhanceresolution. Again, C02 was used as a tracer gas.
    SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION A specific object of the present invention is to reduce the effort required by theperson to be tested to a minimum, without compromising reliability. Other objectsare to reduce the total time required for a breath test, and that the system is self-instructive even for an unexperienced person.
    The present invention is based on a few critical elements which in combination willprovide the necessary characteristics. First, there is provided a sensor unitproviding a signal corresponding to the instantaneous alcohol concentration of air flowing through a predef1ned inlet area. A predef1ned inlet area is one or severalopenings, allowing air to be continuously flowing from the inlet area to the sensor.Second, there is provided an apparatus responsive of the presence of a person at aposition in the vicinity of the sensor inlet area, and also including a unit for callingfor the immediate attention of the person, and of providing instruction to directexpiratory air flow towards the inlet area. Third, an analyzer is included for thedetermination of breath alcohol concentration of said person based on the sensorsignal.
    The combined function of the basic elements is necessary and suff1cient for breathtests of experienced users to be effortlessly performed within 2-3 seconds at fullprivacy, without a mouthpiece, and without interfering with normal activities, suchas on-going conversation. The unexperienced user is guided by automaticallycommunicated instructions to successful completion of the test.
    The present invention allows breath tests to be performed in a variety ofcircumstances which have hitherto been inaccessible. The improved userfriendliness combined with the possibility of vehicle integration may be animportant step towards preventing drunk driving on a much larger scale than withproducts available at the present. This is believed necessary to reduce the highmortality of alcohol related traffic accidents. Other promising application areas aresobriety control of staff with critical tasks, and of audience arriving at an arena. Itmay also be used in various self test scenarios, e.g. in the treatment of alcoholics.The possibility of unobtrusive breath tests is expected to become important fordiagnostic purposes in emergency medicine. For this purpose, a large number ofvolatile substances are of interest in addition to ethyl alcohol.
    In view of the shortcomings of prior art systems, the inventors have devised a novelsystem.
    Thus, claim 1 def1nes a breath test system, including a sensor unit (5) configured tosense the presence or concentration of a volatile substance, present in air flowingthrough a predef1ned inlet area (4), and to generate a signal corresponding to theconcentration of said substance; an apparatus (2, 3) configured to detect thepresence of a person at a position in the vicinity of said input area, and havingmeans for registering said presence, and further configured to respond to saidpresence by delivering an output, said apparatus including a unit configured to callfor immediate attention of said person, upon said registration of the presence ofsaid person; and a unit configured to provide instructions to said person to directan expiratory air flow towards said inlet area (4); an analyzer (10) for thedetermination of breath substance concentration of said person, the determinationbeing based on said signal corresponding to the substance concentration.
    The main advantage of the system is that it is unobtrusive, i.e. it does not undulyinterfere with the person subjected to the use of the system; BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The invention will now be described below With reference to the drawings in whichFig. 1 shows a schematic drawing of the system according to one embodiment.Fig. 2 shows a flow graph of the system function.
    Fig. 3a shows a time sequence of typical breath tests performed with the systemaccording to the invention for an experienced person, and Fig. 3b shows a time sequence of typical breath tests performed with the systemaccording to the invention for an unexperienced person.
    DETAILED DESCRIPTION The present invention involves both physical attributes and functionalcharacteristics, as evident both in the enclosed claims and the detailed description.
    Figure 1 is a schematic drawing (not to scale) of one embodiment of the system 1according to the invention. The system 1 may be built into a separate physicalenclosure, or being part of inventories, e.g. in a vehicle cabin. A test person 12 isshown positioned in the vicinity of an inlet area 4 of the sensor unit 5, equippedwith a sensor element 8 generating a signal corresponding to the ethyl alcoholconcentration of the air flowing through the inlet area 4. Means for active transportof air through the sensor unit 5 is provided by a fan or pump 9, preferablyincluding means for controlling the volume flow. The inlet area 4 constitutes one orseveral openings, into which air can be freely flowing, or driven by the fan 9.Preferably, a particle filter 11 e.g. made from porous material is included in the inletarea 4. This prevents particles and aerosols from contaminating the sensor unit 5while not impeding the air flow to any significant degree. When the person 12 isdirecting expiratory air towards the inlet area 4 from a distance not exceeding 50cm, the air flowing through the sensor unit 5 will consist of a mixture of ambientand expiratory air from the person 12.
    As already explained in the background, a central characteristic of the presentsystem is to obtain cooperation with the person 1 1 during a short moment of time.The apparatus configured for achieving this includes means for registration 2 of thepresence of a person 12 at a position in the vicinity of the inlet area 4, and anaudiovisual unit 3. The implementation of the means of registration 2 is highlydepending on the actual application and could include a microswitch indicatingdoor opening/ closure, microphone, camera, contactless detector using ultrasoundor infrared radiation, force sensor responding to the weight of the person. It mayinclude means for identification of the person by voice control, image analysis, bar-code reading, or biometric analysis. The audiovisual unit 3 preferably includes aloudspeaker 3a and a display 3b. The loudspeaker 3a may generate artificial speechor symbolic sound tracks, and the display 3b may convey text, images, icons orother symbols.
    Preferably, the audiovisual unit 3 is located in close vicinity to the inlet area 4 of thesensor unit 5, in order to direct the person's 12 attention to this area. It is capableof calling for the immediate attention of the person 12 upon presence registration orat some later instant. It is also capable of conveying an instruction, even a detailedone, in the case that the person 12 may need one.
    As a consequence of mixing between ambient and expiratory air, the signalgenerated by the sensor element 8 will be diminished by a factor corresponding tothe dilution of the expiratory air. Therefore, another sensor element 7 is included inaddition to the element 8, for measuring the concentration of a tracer gas, e.g.carbon dioxide (C02) or water vapor. Since the tracer gas concentration isapproximately constant when leaving the airways on eXpiration, it is possible toobtain a fair approximation of the degree of dilution of the air entering the sensorunit 5. Another option for a tracer signal besides C02 and H20 is temperature. Thetemperature of expiratory air is almost the same as body temperature as it leavesthe mouth or nose but is cooled will get closer to ambient upon mixing.
    The sensor elements 7 and 8 constitute the receiver ends of a measurement cell forinfrared (IR) transmission measurement. From an infrared emitter 6, preferably ablackbody radiating element, a beam of broadband infrared radiation is illuminatingthe cell, and eventually after multiple reflections it will reach the elements 7, and 8.Preferably, the emitter 6 is modulated at a frequency, e.g. 5 Hz, above the frequencyband of typical signals. Each of the sensor elements 7 and 8 include thermopiledetectors of infrared radiation with bandpass interference filters tuned to theabsorption peak of the substance to be detected. The element 8 includes a filterwith the pass band within the interval 9,1 9,9 um for ethyl alcohol, and theelement 7 the filter in the interval 4.2 4.3 um in the case of C02 as tracer gas.Water vapor, an alternative tracer gas, has strong absorption in the wavelengthintervals 2.5 2.8um and 5.7 6.9 um. 0ther combinations of gases and filtercharacteristics are possible. Acetone, acetaldehyde, methyl alcohol, carbonmonoxide, methane, ethane, propane, pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, isoprene,ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, ethyl acetate, dimethyl ether,diethyl ether, benzene, toluene, methyl ethyl ketone, and methyl isobutyl ketone areexamples of volatile substances that may be of interest interest from a diagnostic ortoxicological perspective.
    The optical path from the IR emitter 6 to the detectors 7, and 8 may depend on theconcentration range and the absorption coefficients of the actual substances. C02has strong absorption and high concentration in expiratory air which calls for ashort optical path, 10 - 25 mm. For alcohol detection below the legal concentrationlimits, path lengths of more than 0.5 m may be necessary. By folding the opticalpath using multiple reflections, the length / width / height of the sensor unit 5 canstill be kept smaller than 70/30/ 15 mm.
    The sensor unit 5 responds almost instantaneously, i.e. within a fraction of asecond, to concentration variations occurring at the inlet area 4. This is partly dueto the small distance between the inlet area 4 and the sensor unit 5, and the airflow velocity generated by the fan 9. It is also due to the relatively fast modulation frequency of the infrared emitter. The signal information extracted from the sensorelements 7 and 8 is represented as the amplitude of the modulation frequency.
    The signals from the sensor elements 7, 8 are brought to an analyzer 10, whichpreferably includes a general purpose digital microcontroller with capacity toexecute signal algorithms, and also controlling the audiovisual unit 3, IR emitter 6,fan or pump 9. Signal conversion between different formats, including analogsignals, can be managed by the microcontroller 10, which will also be capable ofcommunicating With external units, e.g. an actuator unit for taking action orcounteraction depending on the result of the breath test. Electric power for thesystem 1 can either be obtained from a battery or from an external power source.The system 1 can be designed as a stand-alone unit, or as an integrated part ofother inventories, e.g. a vehicle compartment or entrance of building or workplace.Preferably, the inlet area 4 includes means for protection of the sensor unit 5, e.g. alid which is closed when the system 1 is inactive.
    Figure 2 shows a flow diagram of the system function according to the invention.The system is started or initiated either manually or automatically, by someexternal control signal. In the case of a vehicle, the start signal could be unlockingof the vehicle doors. The initiating phase preferably involves some self-testingfunctions of the system, to make sure that no functional errors have occurred sincethe previous test occasion. The initiating phase could also include preheating ofsensitive components and stabilization of signals.
    When the system is ready for test it will remain in a standby condition until thepresence of a person within the predefined position is detected. As previouslydescribed, detection may or may not involve identification of the person, and couldrequire two-way communication between the person and the system. After orduring the presence detection step, the system will call for the person's attention bycoordinated flashing light, distinctive and directional sound combined with specificsymbol or icon representing the breath test.
    An experienced person is then expected to direct expiratory air towards the sensorinlet area, whereas an unexperienced person may require a more or less detailedinstruction on how to proceed. Example of instruction provided verbally or as a textmessage: “Take a deep breath, lean over, open your mouth wide and exhale gently.”Alternatively, instructions are provided by text, still or moving images, graphicsymbols or other means. If the criteria for breath detection are not fulfilled after oneround of instruction, repeated instructions may be delivered at increasing level ofdetail.
    The criteria for breath detection preferably involve tracer gas detection as previouslydescribed. In the case of C02 as tracer gas, a simple criterion is reaching athreshold C02 concentration of e.g. 2500 ppm (parts per million), whichcorresponds to a dilution factor of 20 (alveolar C02 concentration beingapproximately 5 vol%, or 50 000 ppm). Additional criteria could be related to thetime derivative of the C02 signal. The simultaneously measured alcoholconcentration will in this case have to be multiplied with 20 in order to obtain an estimated breath alcohol concentration. The criteria for breath detection shouldalso include correction for background C02 concentration, which is typically 400-600 ppm in normal environments. A mathematical expression or algorithm willnormally be adequate for def1ning the criteria, using settable parameters to adaptfor variations between different conditions. Such an algorithm can be implementedfor execution in real time using standard microcontrollers.
    The level of dilution is a measure of the signal quality. High concentration (smalldilution factor) provides high confidence of the determination, whereas theinfluence of interfering factors, such as other nearby persons, Will increase withdegree of dilution. Preferably, the result of the breath test is presented not only as aconcentration but also in terms of an estimated error depending on the dilutionfactor.
    Breath detection may in some applications override the presence detection assymbolized in figure 2 by the dotted line short-cutting both the “attention' and“instruction' sequences. Another way of expression is to include the tracer gasdetection into the “means of registration”.
    Determination of BrAC is performed by another algorithm based on the correlationbetween the signals from the sensor elements 7 and 8. When the sensor unit 5 isreceiving expired air from a person, both sensor elements exhibit concentrationpeaks which occur almost simultaneously. An average BrAC value is obtained bymultiplying a number of measured alcohol concentrations by their respectivedilution factors. By averaging, the effect of noise and interference is reduced. Asmall time difference between the C02 and the alcohol signals due to differencescaused by the anatomic dead space or by the design of the sensor unit 5 is alsopossible to accommodate in the algorithm.
    The completion and result of a breath test defined by fulfillment of the criteria forbreath detection, is preferably communicated to the person, e.g. using theaudiovisual unit 3.
    In the flow diagram of figure 2, the further steps taken after termination of theactual breath test are not included, since they may be highly depending on theactual application of the breath test. Such steps may involve rule-based decision forcontrolling action or counteraction based on the determination, e.g. enable / disablefunctions of a vehicle or locking/unlocking of door.
    Figure 3 shows time sequences of typical breath tests performed with the systemaccording to the invention for (a) and experienced person, and (b) an unexperiencedperson. From top to bottom the signals represented are: “P' presence, “C'communication, “T' tracer gas, “A' alcohol in both diagrams 3 (a) and 3 (b).
    In the time sequence of figure 3 (a) a person is detected within the first half second,and is almost immediately followed by the “attention' communication to theexperienced test person, who responds after another half a second by distinctivepeaks representing both the tracer substance and alcohol. After two seconds, thebreath test is completed.
    The time sequence of figure 3 (b) follows a somewhat different pattern. Theunexperienced test person does not immediately respond, but requires a short instruction before supplying an approved breath. The entire sequence is completedafter 15 seconds.
    权利要求:
    Claims (17)
    [1] 1. Breath test system, includinga sensor unit (5) configured to sense the presence or concentration of a volatilesubstance, present in air flowing through a predefined inlet area (4), and togenerate a signal corresponding to the concentration of said substance;an apparatus (2, 3) configured to detect the presence of a person at a positionin the vicinity of said i input area (i), and having means for registering saidpresence, and further configured to respond to said presence by delivering anoutput, said apparatus including a unit configured to call for, and direct the immediate attention of saidperson, upon said registration of the presence of said person, said unitincluding an audiovisual unit (3) located in the close vicinity of said inlet area (4) ; and il) a unit configured to provide instructions to said person to direct an expiratory air flow towards said inlet area (4), an analyzer (10) for the determination of breath substance concentration ofsaid person, the determination being based on said signal corresponding to the substance concentration.
    [2] 2. Breath test system according to claim 1, wherein said sensor unit includes a firstsensor element (8) providing a first signal corresponding to the concentration of saidsubstance within said air flow and a second sensor element (7) providing a secondsignal corresponding to the concentration of a tracer substance, e.g. carbon dioxide,within said air flow, said determination taking said tracer substance concentration into account.
    [3] 3. Breath test system according to claim 1 or 2, wherein said substance is acetone,acetaldehyde, methanol, ethanol, carbon monoxide, methane, ethane, propane,pentane, heXane, heptane, octane, isoprene, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, methylmercaptan, ethyl acetate, dimethyl ether, diethyl ether, benzene, toluene, methyl ethyl ketone, or methyl isobutyl ketone or a combination thereof.
    [4] 4. Breath test system according to claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein the response time of said sensor unit (5) is shorter than one second.
    [5] 5. Breath test system according to any preceding claim, comprising an actuatorunit for taking action or counteraction depending on the results of saiddetermination, and means for rule-based decision-making for controlling action orcounteraction based on said determination, e.g. enable/ disable functions of a vehicle, or locking/unlocking of door.
    [6] 6. Breath test system according to any preceding claim, Wherein said the apparatus(2, 3) comprises a registration means (2) Which includes a microphone element, and means for identification by voice recognition.
    [7] 7. Breath test system according to any preceding claim, Wherein said apparatus (2)for detecting presence includes a camera or other optical detector, and means for identification by image analysis, bar code reading or biometrics.
    [8] 8. Breath test system according to any preceding claim, Wherein said first andsecond sensors are based on substance-specific infrared absorption inpredetermined Wavelength bands, e.g. 9,1 - 9,9 um for ethyl alcohol, and 4.2 - 4.3um for C02.
    [9] 9. Breath test system according to any preceding claim, comprising means foractive transport of air from said inlet area (4) to said sensor unit and outlet, e.g. a fan or pump (9).
    [10] 10. Breath test system according to any preceding claim, comprising means forclosure of said input area during inactive system modes With the purpose of protecting said sensor unit (5).
    [11] 11. 1 1. Breath test system according to any preceding claim, Wherein said attention iscalled for by coordinated flashing light, and distinctive sound combined Withspecific symbol or icon representing said breath test (å).
    [12] 12. Breath test system according to any preceding claim, Wherein said instructionsare provided verbally or as text message, step by step and With the level of detail increasing With time.
    [13] 13. Breath test system according to any preceding claim, Wherein there is provideda display for communicating messages of text, symbols, icons or images, or aloudspeaker for communicating recorded spoken messages, or symbolic sound tracks.
    [14] 14. Breath test system according to claim 1_3 11%, Wherein said display is directed exclusively towards said position.
    [15] 15. Breath test system according to any preceding claim, Wherein saiddetermination also depends on quality criteria, such as concentration of tracer gasexceeding a predefined threshold, and background variations of said first and second signal being below a predefined upper limit.
    [16] 16. Breath test system according to any preceding claim, Wherein said system isintegrated into the interior of a vehicle compartment or entrance of building or Workplace.
    [17] 17. Breath test system according to any preceding claim, Wherein the total test timeof said system in the case of an attentive experienced person is not exceeding five seconds.
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    法律状态:
    优先权:
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    PCT/SE2013/050991| WO2014031072A1|2012-08-24|2013-08-23|Breath test system|
    JP2015528442A| JP6496244B2|2012-08-24|2013-08-23|Breath test system|
    CN202110218823.1A| CN112986172A|2012-08-24|2013-08-23|Breath test system|
    EP13830956.2A| EP2888587B1|2012-08-24|2013-08-23|Breath test system|
    CA2881817A| CA2881817A1|2012-08-24|2013-08-23|Breath test system|
    US14/421,371| US20150219620A1|2012-08-24|2013-08-23|Breath test system|
    CN201380054912.0A| CN104736998A|2012-08-24|2013-08-23|Breath test system|
    JP2018216391A| JP2019023666A|2012-08-24|2018-11-19|Breath Inspection System|
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